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Sustainable management takes the concepts from sustainability and synthesizes them with the concepts of management. Sustainability has three branches: the environment, the needs of present and future generations, and the economy. Using these branches, it creates the ability to keep a system running indefinitely without depleting resources, maintaining economic viability, and also nourishing the needs of the present and future generations. From this definition, sustainable management has been created to be defined as the application of sustainable practices in the categories of businesses, agriculture, society, environment, and personal life by managing them in a way that will benefit current generations and future generations. Sustainable management is needed because it is an important part of the ability to successfully maintain the quality of life on our planet. Sustainable management can be applied to all aspects of our lives. For example, the practices of a business should be sustainable if they wish to stay in businesses, because if the business is unsustainable, then by the definition of sustainability they will cease to be able to be in competition. Communities are in a need of sustainable management, because if the community is to prosper, then the management must be sustainable. Forest and natural resources need to have sustainable management if they are to be able to be continually used by our generation and future generations. Our personal lives also need to be managed sustainably. This can be by making decisions that will help sustain our immediate surroundings and environment, or it can be by managing our emotional and physical well-being. Sustainable management can be applied to many things, as it can be applied as a literal and an abstract concept. Meaning, depending on what they are applied to the meaning of what it is can change. == History == Managers' strategies reflect the mindset of the times. This being the case, it has been a problem for the evolution of sustainable management practices for two reasons. The first reason is that sustainable norms are continually changing. For example, things considered unthinkable a few years ago are now standard practices. And the second reason is that in order to practice sustainable management, one has to be forward thinking, not only in the short term, but also in the long term. Management behavior is a reflection of how accepted conceptions of behavior are defined. This means that forces and beliefs outside of the given program push along the management. The manager can take some credit for the cultural changes in his or her program, but overall the organization’s culture reflects dominant conceptions of the public at that time. This is exemplified through the managerial actions taken during the time periods that lead up to the present day. These examples are given below: * Industrial environmentalism (1960–1970)〔Hoffman, J. Andrew. From Heresy to Dogma: An Institutional History of Corporate Environmentalism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press., 2001.〕 This was a time period in which, even though there were outside concerns about the environment, the industries were able to resist pressures and make their own definitions and regulations.〔 Environmentalists were not viewed as credible sources of information during this time and usually discredited. * Regulatory environmentalism (1970–1982)〔 The norms or this period radically shifted with the creating of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. The EPA became the mediator between the environmentalists and the industry, although the two sides never met.〔 During this period, the environment for the majority of industry and business management teams was only important in terms of compliance with law.〔 In 1974 a conference board survey found that the majority of companies still treated environmental management as a threat.〔 The survey noted a widespread tendency in most of industry to treat pollution control expenditures as non-recoverable investments.〔 According to the consensus environmental protection was considered at best a necessary evil, and at worst a temporary nuisance.〔 * Environmentalism as social responsibility (1982–1988)〔 By 1982, the EPA had lost its credibility, but at the same time activism became more influential, and there was an increase in the funding and memberships of major non-governmental organizations (NGOs).〔 Industry gradually became more cooperative with government and new managerial structures were implemented to achieve compliances with regulations.〔 * Strategic environmentalism (1988–1993)〔 During this period, industry progressed into a proactive stance on environmental protection.〔 With this attitude, the issue became one in which they felt qualified to manage on their own. Although there was advancement in organizational power, the concern for the environment still kept being pushed down the hierarchy of important things to do.〔 *Environmental management as an opportunity (1993–present) In 1995 Harvard professor Michael Porter wrote in the ''Harvard Business Review'' that environmental protection was not a threat to the corporate enterprise but rather an opportunity, one that could increase competitive advantage in the marketplace.〔 Before 2000, companies generally regarded green buildings as interesting experiments but unfeasible projects in the real business world.〔Lockwood, Charles. (2007). “Building the Green Way.,” Harvard Business Review on Green Business Strategy (1-20). United States of America: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation.〕 Since then several factors, including the ones listed below, have caused major shifts in thinking.〔 The creation of reliable building rating and performance measurement systems for new construction and renovation has helped change corporate perceptions about green. In 2000, the Washington D.C.-based United States Green Building Council launched its rigorous Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program.〔 Hundreds of US and international studies have proven the financial advantages of going green: lower utility costs, higher employee productivity.〔 Green building materials, mechanical systems, and furnishings have become more widely available, and prices have dropped considerably.〔 As changes are made to the norms of what is acceptable from a management perspective, more and more it becomes apparent that sustainable management is the new norm of the future. Currently, there are many programs, organizations, communities, and businesses that follow sustainable management plans. These new entities are pressing forward with the help of changing social norms and management initiatives. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sustainable management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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